Electoral systems and the protection and participation of minorities

This document examines and evaluates the level of minority inclusion in electoral systems in different conflict situations worldwide. It specifically focuses on how the participation of minorities in the legislative process at the stage of electoral reform is a key tool, both in peace building and in future conflict prevention.

Looking at the cases of Bosnia, Iraq Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Nigeria and Zimbabwe, the authors argue that all existing electoral systems should be reviewed for measures that have the effect of discriminating against particular minorities and their representatives (e.g. high national thresholds) and these measures amended.

A number of recommendations are put forward for all that are involved in the design of new electoral systems. These include: 

• no electoral system should force electors and the elected into pre-determined identities 
  
• special measures may be necessary to ensure a fair representation of minority women 
  
• electoral systems should ensure the rights of all to practice their language and religion. Special measures may be needed where minorities have high levels of illiteracy 
  
• all existing electoral systems should be reviewed for measures that have the effect of discriminating against particular minorities and their representatives (e.g. high national thresholds) and these measures amended.