Eco-Labelling: Actual Effects of Selected Programmes

Examines the actual market, trade and environmental effects of a selection of eco-labelling programmes operating in OECD countries: the EU Eco-label Award Scheme, the Nordic Swan, the Swedish Environmental Choice Programme, the Canadian Environmental Choice Programme, the Blue Angel, the Green Seal, the Japanese Eco-Mark and the French NF Environnement. The relatively recent trend for eco-labelling programmes to be based on more extensive life-cycle criteria, specifically production-related criteria, is a source of trade concern with respect to eco-labelling schemes. The possible trade effects of eco-labelling programmes have been identified and solutions are now being examined in various fora to minimise these potential trade implications. This paper studies transparency and consultation processes. It includes an analysis of the current short term impacts of these eco-labelling schemes, particularly for imports from developing countries. It also evaluates the environmental effectiveness of eco-labelling schemes, giving an indication of public awareness and attitudes within OECD countries, including the degree to which eco-labelling affects purchasing decisions by consumers. [author]

Concludes that there has been little data on environmental benefit achieved through eco-labelling or of changes to trade flows. There is more indirect evaluation through surveys of consumer awareness and demand, but attitudes vary from country to country. Fear of loosing market share is identified as a principal motivator for corporate policy change.