Providing greater old-age security in China

China’s population is ageing fast, owing to low fertility and rising life expectancy. Migration of the young to urban areas is raising the proportion of the elderly in the rural population and the increase in the old-age dependency ratio will be even more pronounced in rural than in urban areas. This paper looks at the challenges surrounding population ageing in China, and looks at possibilities for improved old-age support systems.  The authors argue that:

• different pension arrangements exist across the country, with diverse and segmented systems in urban areas, belated retirement and low replacement ratios in rural areas, and special rules governing public sector pensions
• rural pensions are those most in need of improvement if the government is to achieve its goal of a universal social security system by 2020 
• labour mobility is impeded by some of features of the current pension system, not least limited benefit portability
• various reforms have been initiated or proposed over the past decade. Some add to the existing fragmentation, while others, notably those providing for greater geographical pooling, have only partly been implemented
• under current rules, effective replacement rates are fairly low and projected to decline further, both for rural and urban residents, which may be difficult to sustain with the elderly living less and less with their descendants
• as the countryside ages, much of the additional burden will be shouldered by local governments with insufficient resources
• can be addressed by gradually consolidating the various regimes, raising retirement ages and shifting more of the cost of rural pensions to the central government
• even if different schemes for different categories of workers were to persist, each should be unified over time, first provincially and then nationally, phasing out the urban-rural distinction