Black townships in Soweto: a marginalised under-class ready to ignite?

This paper evaluates structural change, inequality dynamics, and industrial policy in South Africa between 1960 and the present day. We find that South Africa experienced growthenhancing structural transformation until the early 1970s, before entering a period of premature deindustrialization.

The gig economy is expanding globally, with exponential growth forecast in traditionally female-dominated sectors – notably on-demand household services including cooking, cleaning and care work. But little research to date has focused on gendered experiences of gig work or on gig workers outside North America and Europe.

Most of South Africa’s black rural population reside in the former homelands or Bantustans, commonly referred to as communal areas by the post-apartheid government (Clark and Luwaya 2017). Amongst a variety of livelihood activities that black rural households engage in, livestock production offers multiple-use value, although its contribution to local livelihood is sometimes underestimated (C.

Globally, brokerage is widespread in migrant labour markets. Brokers fill the gap between migrants and the countries or places they are travelling to, and help migrants traverse complex immigration systems, border controls and labour markets.

National development banks (NDBs) and development finance institutions – domestically focused, publicly owned financial institutions with a specific development mandate – are poised to play a role in bridging the investment gap for climate-compatible infrastructure in developing countries.