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• Document

  Policy Arena. Assessing Women's Empowerment: Towards a Conceptual Framework

  Routledge, 2005

  When policymakers and practitioners decide that 'empowerment'? usually of women or the poor - is a development goal, what do they mean? And how do they determine the extent to which it has been achieved? Despite empowerment having become a widely used term, there is no universally accepted method for measuring and tracking changes.
• Document

  Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women's Empowerment

  Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 2001

  Empowerment is a process by which those who have been denied power gain power, in particular the ability to make strategic life choices. For women, these could be the capacity to choose a marriage partner, a livelihood or whether or not to have children.
• Document

  The Meaning of Women's Empowerment: New Concepts from Action

  Harvard University Press, 1994

  Since the mid-1980s, the term empowerment has become popular in the development field, especially with reference to women. However, there is confusion as to what the term means among development actors. This paper analyses the concept of women's empowerment and outlines empowerment strategies based on insights gained through a study of grassroots programmes in South Asia.
• Document

  Women in Leadership in Panchayati Raj Institutions: An Analysis of Six States

  1999

  In 1993, India passed the 73rd Constitutional Amendment which reserved 33% of panchayati raj (village councils) seats for women. The Amendment enabled thousands of women to enter the political arena. While some have created political space to voice their needs, concerns and priorities, others are still trying to grapple with the power and authority thrust upon them.
• Document

  Freedom for women: mainstreaming gender in the South African liberation struggle and beyond

  Oxfam, 2005

  As a result of women's activism, non-sexism became a key goal of the national liberation struggle in South Africa. During the negotiations for democracy, women drew on their experience of the years of struggle to ensure that gender equality was enshrined in the constitution, and that an array of gender machinery was put in place to mainstream gender in the new state.
• Document

  Women are Citizens Too: the Laws of the State, the Lives of Women

  United Nations Development Programme, 2002

  The term citizen, ?Al Mouwaten? is gaining significance in official statements and documents, in the press, and in public discussions in many parts of the Arab world. The idea of citizenship has been successfully drawn on by some non-governmental organisations (NGOs) as a means of pressing for greater equality for women in the region.
• Document

  The Politics of State Structures: Citizenship and the National Machinery for Women in South Africa

  African Gender Institute, South Africa, 2004

  The National Machinery for Women was established in South Africa after the 1994 elections, largely as a result of the political pressure generated by the Women's National Coalition. Through tracking one particular piece of legislation - the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act - this paper analyses the effectiveness of the National Machinery for Women in South Africa.
• Document

  Human development and Millennium Development Goal (MDGs) –Goal 3: promote gender equality and empower women: mainstreaming gender equality and women’s empowerment

  United Nations Development Programme, 2003

  This report examines the status of women in Sudan, using the third Millennium Development Goal of women's empowerment as the framework. It begins with an overview of some key definitions, including gender mainstreaming and women's empowerment.
• Document

  Citizenship: towards a feminist synthesis

  Feminist Review, 1997

  This article outlines how citizenship can be used as a political and theoretical tool by combining 'rights' and 'participation'. Participation in social, economic, cultural and political decision-making provides a more dynamic and active form of rights in which people work together to improve their quality of life.
• Document

  Women, citizenship and difference

  Feminist Review, 1997

  In a globalising world where the role of the local, the national and the global is shifting, the meanings of citizenship are also changing. This article presents some new theoretical discussions on gender and citizenship.

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