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Showing 1561-1570 of 1993 results

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  • Document

    Pensions in Germany

    Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1996
    Germany's pension system has a multipillar structure and relies increasingly on privately funded plans. Its public pillar is not as generous or redistributive as is often claimed.Germany's pension system was originally designed as a scaled premium system. It formally became a pay as you go system in 1957.
  • Document

    Determinants of public expenditure on infrastructure : transportation and communication

    Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1996
    Governments that are not committed to alleviating poverty - or that are extremely committed to it - spend less from the central budget on infrastructure. Governments with only limited commitment to alleviating poverty adopt strategies to increase the productivity of the poor by investing in infrastructure.
  • Document

    Why paper mills clean up : determinants of pollution abatement in four Asian countries

    Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1997
    Clean production is not uncommon even in very poor countries such as Bangladesh. Even when there is no formal regulation of pollution, large, efficient, domestically owned plants operating near relatively affluent communities have demonstrated excellent environmental performance. The same cannot be said for manufacturing facilities near poor communities.
  • Document

    Citizen complaints as environmental indicators : evidence from China

    Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1997
    China's experience shows the problem of relying on citizen complaints for guidance in addressing pollution monitoring resources are scarce. Visible pollutants get too much attention and communities with low levels of literacy get too little. China's environmental regulators respond to more than 100,000 citizen complaints a year.
  • Document

    Competition policy and the global trading system : a developing country perspective

    Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1997
    Certain factors can maximize the pressure on privatized infrastructure companies to be more efficient: the threat of bankruptcy, internal controls imposed by shareholders, and external disciplines (such as the threat of hostile takeover).The privatization of infrastructure companies is expected to bring about gains for customers by increasing the efficiency of the privatized company.
  • Document

    Explaining Agricultural and Agrarian Policies in Developing Countries

    Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1999
    What explains differences in agricultural and agrarian policies across countries and over time? Why do countries adopt, and maintain, policy regimes that reduce efficiency and increase rural poverty? What are the conditions for countries to initiate equity and efficiency enhancing policy reforms and for these reforms to be maintained? These are the questions pursued in this literature review.
  • Document

    Ghana's Labor Market (1987-92)

    Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1999
    The rate of return to education in Ghana increases with higher education and work experience. The return for each additional year of schooling ranges from 4 to 6 percent, quite high for a Sub-Saharan African country.
  • Document

    The State in a changing world: World Development Report 1997: summary

    World Development Report, World Bank, 1999
    An effective state is vital for the provision of the goods and services--and the rules and institutions--that allow markets to flourish and people to lead healthier, happier lives. Without it, sustainable development, both economic and social, is impossible. Many said much the same thing fifty years ago, but then they tended to mean that development had to be state-provided.
  • Document

    Indonesia's small and medium - size exporters and their support systems

    Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1994
    In Indonesia, public institutions generally lack the commitment, resources, and flexibility needed to provide quality support to small and medium size enterprises, and industry associations often lack the professionalism and accountability needed to gain their confidence.
  • Document

    Labor Market Adjustment in Canada and the United States

    International Monetary Fund Working Papers, 1997
    Since the early 1980s, the aggregate unemployment rate in Canada has been persistently higher than that in the United States. However, existing research has failed to identify conclusively the proximate determinant for the persistent unemployment gap between these two countries.

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