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Bending the Rules: Discretionary Pollution Control in China
Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1999In China, environmental regulators play by the rules, but often bend them in ways that reflect important environmental and social concerns. Regulators give little or no slack to heavy dischargers. Old factories pay more, state owned factories pay higher rates, and big employers get a discount.Industry compliance with pollution regulations is far from universal, even in North America.DocumentInstitutional Obstacles to Doing Business: Region by Region Results from a Worldwide Survey of the Private Sector
Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1999More than 3,600 entrepreneurs world-wide respond to a survey about problems with uncertainty in dealings with the state.Case studies and anecdotal evidence have suggested that uncertainty about policies, laws, and regulations has hampered development of the private sector in many developing countries.DocumentWorld Crude Oil Resources: Evidence from Estimating Supply Functions for 41 Countries
Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1999A gloomy outlook for non OPEC oil supply is unwarranted. Several countries are still expanding, others show no sign of declining supply, and even those contracting will continue to add to reserves.Evidence to support or deny expectations of future scarcity or abundance of crude oil must show whether crude oil supply functions are shifting and, if so, in what direction.DocumentResearch on Land Markets in South Asia: What Have We Learned?
Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1999What have we learned about land markets in South Asia about land reform, land fragmentation, sharecropping, security of tenure, farm size, land rights, transaction costs, bargaining power, policy distortions, and market imperfections (including those associated with gender)?Faruqee and Carey review the literature on land markets in South Asia to clarify what's known and to highlight unresolvedDocumentGhana's Labor Market (1987-92)
Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1999The rate of return to education in Ghana increases with higher education and work experience. The return for each additional year of schooling ranges from 4 to 6 percent, quite high for a Sub-Saharan African country.DocumentThe State in a changing world: World Development Report 1997: summary
World Development Report, World Bank, 1999An effective state is vital for the provision of the goods and services--and the rules and institutions--that allow markets to flourish and people to lead healthier, happier lives. Without it, sustainable development, both economic and social, is impossible. Many said much the same thing fifty years ago, but then they tended to mean that development had to be state-provided.DocumentWhat Drives Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon? Evidence from Satellite and Socioeconomic Data
Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1999Road network expansion is strongly associated with increased deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Pfaff analyzes the determinants of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon.DocumentDo Labour Market Policies and Growth Fundamentals Matter for Income Inequality in OECD Countries? Some Empirical Evidence
International Monetary Fund Working Papers, 1997Income distribution is of obvious social concern in its own right, and it obviously affects economic performance. This paper analyzes the determinants of inequality in the context of a specific model in which labor market policies and the level of economic activity affect unemployment, which in turn affects inequality.DocumentBroad Money Demand and Monetary Policy in Tunisia
International Monetary Fund Working Papers, 1997The objective of this paper is to establish empirical foundations for the conduct of monetary policy in Tunisia by examining the nature and the stability of the demand for money and discussing appropriate operating regimes for the control of the money supply.DocumentStock Market Equilibrium and Macroeconomic Fundamentals
International Monetary Fund Working Papers, 1997A resurgence in interest about the role played by stock markets in economic development has stimulated a burgeoning literature of research on emerging markets. This paper examines the efficiency characteristics of the Stock Exchange of Singapore, one of the few developed stock markets in South East Asia. The paper employs a wide range of methods for testing stock market efficiency.Pages
