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  • Document

    Monetary policy during transition : an overview

    Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1997
    In transition economies monetary stability goes hand in hand with adjustment in the real sectors. Subsidies and central bank support of public enterprises to help maintain employment and output are ultimately financed by creating money, reducing the options for market based monetary policy regardless of how market oriented the monetary system.
  • Document

    Citizen complaints as environmental indicators : evidence from China

    Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1997
    China's experience shows the problem of relying on citizen complaints for guidance in addressing pollution monitoring resources are scarce. Visible pollutants get too much attention and communities with low levels of literacy get too little. China's environmental regulators respond to more than 100,000 citizen complaints a year.
  • Document

    Monitoring environmental standards : do local conditions matter?

    Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1997
    In deciding whether to inspect specific plants, regulators are sensitive to local environmental damages and, all things being equal, allocate more inspection efforts to plants whose emissions are likely to generate more damage.
  • Document

    Protection and Trade in Services: A Survey

    Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1999
    In the past, international economists have ignored trade in services, but technological progress and international trade negotiations are likely to keep liberalization of trade in services a high profile policy issue.Until recently, trade in services was mostly ignored by international economists, reflecting a perception that services were nontradable. This has never been true.
  • Document

    Does Mercosur's trade performance raise concerns about the effects of regional trade arrangements?

    Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1997
    Do the discriminatory trade barriers applied in regional trade arrangements encourage highcost imports from member countries at the expense of lowercost goods from nonmembers?
  • Document

    The economics of the informal sector : a simple model and some empirical evidence from Latin America

    Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1997
    An increase in the size of the informal sector hurts growth by reducing the availability for public services for everyone in the economy and increasing the number of activities that uses ome existing public services less efficiently or not at all.Loayza presents the view that informal economies arise when governments impose excessive taxes and regulations that they are unable to enforce.Loa
  • Document

    Roads, population pressures and deforestation in Thailand, 1976 - 1989

    Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1997
    Population pressures play less of a role in deforestation than earlier studies of Thailand found. Between 1976 and 1989, Thailand lost 28 percent ofits forest cover.
  • Document

    Bending the Rules: Discretionary Pollution Control in China

    Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1999
    In China, environmental regulators play by the rules, but often bend them in ways that reflect important environmental and social concerns. Regulators give little or no slack to heavy dischargers. Old factories pay more, state owned factories pay higher rates, and big employers get a discount.Industry compliance with pollution regulations is far from universal, even in North America.
  • Document

    Institutional Obstacles to Doing Business: Region by Region Results from a Worldwide Survey of the Private Sector

    Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1999
    More than 3,600 entrepreneurs world-wide respond to a survey about problems with uncertainty in dealings with the state.Case studies and anecdotal evidence have suggested that uncertainty about policies, laws, and regulations has hampered development of the private sector in many developing countries.
  • Document

    World Crude Oil Resources: Evidence from Estimating Supply Functions for 41 Countries

    Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1999
    A gloomy outlook for non OPEC oil supply is unwarranted. Several countries are still expanding, others show no sign of declining supply, and even those contracting will continue to add to reserves.Evidence to support or deny expectations of future scarcity or abundance of crude oil must show whether crude oil supply functions are shifting and, if so, in what direction.

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