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Energy price increases in developing countries : case studies of Malaysia,Indonesia, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Colombia and Turkey
Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1995Six case studies show that raising energy prices to eliminate subsidies does not harm the poor, growth, inflation, or industrial competitiveness. And public revenues improve.When domestic energy prices in developing countries fall below opportunity costs, price increases are recommended to conserve fiscal revenue and to ensure efficient use of resources.DocumentTravel mode substitution in Sao Paulo : estimates and implications for air pollution control
Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1995The study finds that households' choice of travel modes in Sao Paulo is not very sensitive to pricing. So, subsidies to less polluting modes can hardly be justified on the basis that they would attract traffic from more polluting modes. Several caveats apply.How would travel demand in Sao Paulo respond to demand management instruments?DocumentAn empirical model of sunk costs and the decision to export
Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1995Firms that begin exporting face significant start-up costs.DocumentPost trade liberalization policy and institutional challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean
Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1995To maintain liberal trade and advance the agenda for more open trade, economic policy must prevent external shocks from becoming crises --- and protection must remain uniform among sectors.DocumentCentral America and the North American Free Trade Agreement /How Does the North American Free Trade Agreement Affect Central America? / Edward E.Leamer ... [et al.]
Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1995NAFTA seems like a very troubling agreement for Central America, especially in apparel and textiles. Losses from NAFTA depend on the economic size of Mexico. Central America can gain from NAFTA provided Mexico is "big enough" to satisfy completely U.S. import demands and Central America can redirect its products from U.S.DocumentStock market development and financial intermediaries : stylized facts
Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1995The three most developed stock markets are in Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and the most underdeveloped markets are in Colombia, Nigeria, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe.DocumentAir pollution and mortality : results from Santiago, Chile / Bart Ostro ... [et al.]
Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1995The relationship between particulate air pollution and premature death in Santiago, Chile is found to be very similar to results from industrial countries.Heavy outdoor pollution is found in developing country cities such as Jakarta, Katowice, Mexico City, and Santiago.DocumentTrade policies, macroeconomic adjustment, and manufactured exports : theLatin American experience
Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1995Trade policies cannot resolve current account problems.DocumentEstimating the world at work
Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1995What is the work status of the world's working age population?DocumentCosta Rican pension system : options for reform
Policy Research Working Papers, World Bank, 1995Costa Rica's demographic structure is becoming increasingly unfavorable, and its pension system is maturing, so reform of the social security system should be implemented without delay.Pages
