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• Document

  The Meaning of Women's Empowerment: New Concepts from Action

  Harvard University Press, 1994

  Since the mid-1980s, the term empowerment has become popular in the development field, especially with reference to women. However, there is confusion as to what the term means among development actors. This paper analyses the concept of women's empowerment and outlines empowerment strategies based on insights gained through a study of grassroots programmes in South Asia.
• Document

  Women in Leadership in Panchayati Raj Institutions: An Analysis of Six States

  1999

  In 1993, India passed the 73rd Constitutional Amendment which reserved 33% of panchayati raj (village councils) seats for women. The Amendment enabled thousands of women to enter the political arena. While some have created political space to voice their needs, concerns and priorities, others are still trying to grapple with the power and authority thrust upon them.
• Document

  Political Representation, Democratic Institutions and Women's Empowerment: The Quota Debate in India

  Routledge, London, 2002

  The debate on quotas in India has reflected disquiet about the perceived elitism of 'the women's movement', and has challenged women's groups to address issues of difference among women based on class and caste. This chapter argues that the issue of power must be taken into account - empowerment of whom, by whom, through what and for what?
• Document

  Gender, Class and Caste Schisms in Affirmative Action Policies: The Curious Case of India's Women's Reservation Bill

  Routledge, 2002

  Following the introduction of economic liberalisation policies in 1991, India has registered steady gains in terms of conventional economic indices such as external trade, investment inflows, and foreign exchange reserves. However, women have not shared equitably in these gains.
• Document

  Engineering Elections: The Experiences of Women in Panchayati Raj in Karnataka, India

  Springer Netherlands, 2003

  The term empowerment entered the development lexicon some three decades ago. Since then it has been used widely in various contexts, losing in the process some of its edge and efficacy. Nevertheless, it continues to be useful as one of the few ideas that capture the notion of acquiring social, political and economic power as both a dynamic process and its end result.
• Document

  Performances of resistance: women’s struggle for political power in Cambodia

  United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women, 2006

  This paper explores how politically engaged Cambodian women build strategies and perform various types of resistance to the male domination of political arenas. It investigates possible ways to eliminate gendered hierarchies of power and how to alter perceptions of male/female stereotyped roles and behaviours.
• Document

  Re-thinking Gender Mainstreaming in African NGOs and Communities

  Routledge, 2005

  What does gender equality mean to local people in Africa? This article looks at the reasons for resistance to gender mainstreaming initiatives among local NGOs and communities in Zambia, Rwanda, Uganda and the Gambia. It is based on research carried out by Transform Africa, which aimed to enhance understanding of what gender equality means in the context of different African countries.
• Document

  Gender Mainstreaming or just More Male-Streaming? Experiences of Popular Participation in Bolivia.

  Routledge, 2005

  The Law of Popular Participation (LPP) in Bolivia can be seen as the first significant attempt by policy makers in the region to mainstream gender into a national development initiative. It aims to increase the prominence of women in local political and development spheres and is the first Bolivian law to be explicitly couched in gendered terms.
• Document

  The National Gender Policy - Republic of Zimbabwe

  BRIDGE, 2004

  In Zimbabwe, women continue to experience inequality with men across the whole of society. The 2004 National Gender Policy thus lays out the Zimbabwe government's guidelines and institutional framework for combating gender inequalities in the country. In general, the government's vision is to reach economic, political, religious and social equality among women and men in all spheres of life.
• Document

  Gender and HIV/AIDS: an Analysis of Zimbabwe's National Policies and Programs on HIV/AIDS/STIS

  BRIDGE, 2003

  In Sub-Saharan Africa, the number of women and girls infected with HIV is now greater than the number of men. Biological and physiological factors make women more susceptible to infection along with the prevailing patriarchy which results among other things in customary norms that prevent women from negotiating safe sex. Gender analysis of HIV/AIDS is therefore crucial.

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