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• Document

  Unfinished Transitions: Women and the Gendered Development of Democracy in Venezuela, 1936-1996

  Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000

  This analysis of Venezuelan women's organising traces a sixty year struggle to democratise political practice and represent women's interests. It addresses some of the prevailing issues of Latin American democratisation: why did women have difficulty participating in regimes they fought to install, and how did they seek inclusion?
• Document

  Measuring Women's Empowerment: Participation and Rights in Civil, Political, Social, Economic, and Cultural Domains

  Blackwell Synergy, 2005

  There have been many attempts to measure women's empowerment in the development field, but these have had various shortcomings. There is confusion over concepts, a lack of disaggregated data and limited information on household dynamics. Measurements and indicators to date have focused more on civil and political rights, what are known as ?first generation?
• Document

  Policy Arena. Assessing Women's Empowerment: Towards a Conceptual Framework

  Routledge, 2005

  When policymakers and practitioners decide that 'empowerment'? usually of women or the poor - is a development goal, what do they mean? And how do they determine the extent to which it has been achieved? Despite empowerment having become a widely used term, there is no universally accepted method for measuring and tracking changes.
• Document

  Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women's Empowerment

  Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 2001

  Empowerment is a process by which those who have been denied power gain power, in particular the ability to make strategic life choices. For women, these could be the capacity to choose a marriage partner, a livelihood or whether or not to have children.
• Document

  The Meaning of Women's Empowerment: New Concepts from Action

  Harvard University Press, 1994

  Since the mid-1980s, the term empowerment has become popular in the development field, especially with reference to women. However, there is confusion as to what the term means among development actors. This paper analyses the concept of women's empowerment and outlines empowerment strategies based on insights gained through a study of grassroots programmes in South Asia.
• Document

  Women in Leadership in Panchayati Raj Institutions: An Analysis of Six States

  1999

  In 1993, India passed the 73rd Constitutional Amendment which reserved 33% of panchayati raj (village councils) seats for women. The Amendment enabled thousands of women to enter the political arena. While some have created political space to voice their needs, concerns and priorities, others are still trying to grapple with the power and authority thrust upon them.
• Document

  Corporate Responsibility and Women's Employment: the Cashew Nut Case

  2004

  Over the last two decades, the deregulation of labour markets and the globalisation and fragmentation of production processes has increased the demand for labour, particularly female labour, in many parts of the world. There has been a rapid and substantial increase in the proportions of women in paid work, although figures do not capture women's participation in informal jobs.
• Document

  Gender, rights and participation in the Kenya cut flower industry

  Natural Resources Institute, UK, 2002

  Cut flower production is now a major part of the Kenyan economy, but the country's success in supplying European markets has brought with it increased attention to the industry's social and environmental impacts. Driven by the various concerns of consumers, retailers, European regulators and civil society organisations, flower growers have to comply with a number of codes of conduct.
• Document

  Lobola. Its Implications for Women's Reproductive Rights in Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe

  Weaver Press, 2003

  Lobola, an amount paid by a prospective husband to the bride's family, is a tradition that is widely practiced across southern Africa. This study examines the impact of this social institution in Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
• Document

  Perfect Crimes: Sexual Harassment at the Workplace in Zimbabwe

  Weaver Press, 2005

  For almost a decade, women in Zimbabwe have worked to gain rights in the workplace and to tackle, in particular, the issue of sexual harassment. This report charts the processes involved and the methodologies used in this struggle.

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